"Nta n’isoni!" Ni ko Prof Paul Sereno avuga kuri telephone ari i Chicago.
Ntabwo ahisha uburakari yateye n’uko ibuye ridasanzwe rya ’meteorite’ ryavuye kuri Mars, mu myaka ibiri ishize ryavumbuwe mu gihugu cya Niger bikarangira rigurishijwe muri cyamunara i New York mu kwezi gushize ku muguzi utaravuzwe.
Uyu muhanga mu bisigaramatongo ufitanye umubano wa hafi na Niger, avuga ko iryo buye rikwiye gusubizwa iki gihugu.
Iri buye rifite imyaka ibarirwa muri za miliyoni ryo ku mubumbe utukura (Mars), ni ryo rinini cyane ryabonetse ku isi, ryaguzwe miliyoni 4.3$ (arenga miliyari 6 Frw) muri cyamunara y’ikigo Sotheby’s.
Kimwe n’umuguzi, n’uwarigurishije yagizwe ibanga.
Gusa ntibizwi niba muri ayo mafaranga hari ayahawe Niger.
Ibice by’ibintu byo ku mibumbe ya kure byaguye ku isi kenshi bitera amatsiko menshi abantu bo kuri uyu mubumbe wacu – bimwe bakabihindura ibyo bakoresha mu kwemera kwabo, abandi bakabiratira abanyamatsiko.
Vuba aha, byinshi byagiye bikorwaho ubushakashatsi n’isuzuma n’abahanga muri siyanse.
Ubucuruzi bwa za ’meteorites’ bugereranywa n’ubwo mu bugeni, aho umwihariko no kuba ari bicye cyane ari byo bigena ibiciro byazo.
Bwa mbere, benshi bagiriye amatsiko kandi bakajya kureba iki kintu kidasanzwe cyavuye kuri Mars – amabuye ya ’meteorites’ agera kuri 400 mu 50,000 yavumbuwe ni yo gusa byemejwe ko yavuye kuri uriya mubumbe muturanyi w’uwacu.
Amafoto yafashwe kuri Sotheby’s y’iri buye ripima 24Kg – arigaragaza mu ibara ry’umuringa (silver) n’umutuku – yazamuye amatsiko ya benshi.
Ariko abantu nanone batangira kwibaza uko iri buye - abahanga muri siyanse barihaye izina rya NWA 16788 (NWA isobanuye north-west Africa) - ryaje kugera muri iyi cyamunara i New York.
Si leta ya Niger, yo yanasohoye itangazo ivuga ko itewe "impungenge n’uburyo iri buye ryasohowe mu gihugu, ko bishobora kuba ari ubucuruzi bwa magendu".
Sotheby’s ibi irabihakana, ivuga ko inzira nyazo zakurikijwe, ariko Niger ubu yatangije iperereza ku buryo iri buye rya ’meteorite’ ryavumbuwe n’uko ryagurishijwe.
Nta byinshi byatangajwe by’uburyo ryageze muri iki kigo cyamamaye ku isi mu kugurisha mu cyamunara ibintu by’agaciro.
Inyandiko yo muri kaminuza yo mu Butaliyani yatangajwe umwaka ushize yavuze ko iri buye ryavumbuwe tariki 16 Ugushyingo(11) 2023 mu butayu bwa Sahara mu gace ka Agadez ka Niger, ritowe ’n’umuhigi wa meteorite’ utaratangajwe umwirondoro.
’Meteorites’ zishobora kugwa ahantu aho ari ho hose ku isi, ariko kubera ikirere gifasha kutangirika no kuba nta bantu benshi bahaba bashobora kuzihungabanya, Sahara iba ahantu h’ingenzi mu kuzivumbura.
Abahiga bene aya mabuye usanga bashakashakiriza mu bice bidatuwe cyane n’abantu mu bihugu byinshi bizeye kuba batora ayo kugurisha.
Muri ya nyandiko ya kaminuza, NWA 16788, "ryagurishijwe n’abaturage baho ku mucuruzi wayo wo hanze" nyuma rijyanwa mu imurika bwite mu mujyi wa Arezzo mu Butaliyani.
Ikinyamakuru cya Kaminuza ya Florence kivuga ko uwo muntu ari Umutaliyani ufite ’gallery’ y’imurikabikorwa izwi.
Itsinda ry’abahanga muri siyanse bayobowe na Giovanni Pratesi, umwalimu mu bijyanye na ’mine’ kuri iyi kaminuza, ryasuzumye iryo buye ngo bamenye ibyaryo neza n’aho ryaturutse.
Iryo buye, umwaka ushize ryerekanywe mu Butaliyani by’igihe gito ahantu harimo ikigo cya Italian Space Agency i Roma.
Ryongeye kuboneka mu ruhame i New York mu kwezi gushize, ritari kumwe n’uduce tubiri twagumye mu Butaliyani ku bw’impamvu z’ubushakashatsi bwisumbuyeho.
Sotheby’s ivuga ko NWA 16788 "ryakuwe muri Niger rikajyanwa mu nzira zose zikurikije amategeko".
Yongeraho iti: "Kimwe n’ibintu byose tugurisha, ibyangombwa byose bisabwa byari byuzuye kuri buri rugendo ryakoze, hamwe n’ibisabwa n’ibihugu byose bireba".
Umuvugizi avuga ko Sotheby’s yari yamenye ko Niger irimo gukora iperereza ku buryo iri buye ryavuye mu gihugu, kandi ko barimo "gusubiramo amakuru dufite ku kibazo cyazamuwe".
Prof Sereno, washinze ikigo NigerHeritage mu myaka 10 ishize, ahamya ko amateko ya Niger yahonyowe.
Uyu mwalimu kuri University of Chicago muri Amerika, wamaze imyaka muri Niger avumbura ibisigazwa binini by’amagufa y’inyamaswa za ’dinosaur’ muri Sahara, ahirimbanira ko umurage kamere wa Niger – harimo n’ibyaguye bivuye mu isanzure – byose bisubizwa iki gihugu.
Niger irimo guteganya inzu ndangamurage ku kirwa kiri mu ruzi Niger ruca mu murwa mukuru Niamey, ngo uzajyemo ibyo bintu ndangamurage byose.
Prof Sereno agira ati: "Amategeko mpuzamahanga avuga ko udashobora gusa gutwara ikintu cy’ingenzi ku murage w’igihugu – cyabe icy’umuco, ikintu gifatika, ikintu kamere, cyangwa ikivajuru. Urabizi ko twarenze ibihe by’ubukoroni aho ibyo byose byashobokaga".
Hari amasezerano mpuzamahanga, arimo n’agenwa n’ishami rya ONU ry’ibigendanye n’umuco, UNESCO, yagerageje gushyiraho amategeko agenga ubucuruzi bwa bene ibi bintu.
Ariko inyigo yo mu 2019 y’ikigo Max Gounelle kizobereye mu mategeko mpuzamahanga kivuga ko ku bijyanye na za ’meteorite’, nubwo na zo zishobora gushyirwamo, hakiri ibidasobanutse niba na zo zigengwa n’ayo masezerano. Za leta ku giti cyazo ni zo zisigirwa umwanya w’icyo amategeko yazo abivugaho.
Niger yasohoye itegeko mu 1997 igamije kurengera umurage kamere wayo.
Prof Sereno avuga ingingo y’iryo tegeko ivuga urutonde rw’ibintu byose rireba. "Mineralogical specimens" ziri mu bivugwa mu bikorwa by’ubugeni, ’architecture’ n’ibisigaratongo bishobora kuboneka, ariko ’meteorites’ ntabwo ubwazo nyirizina zivugwa.
Mu itangazo ryayo kuri cyamunara ya Sotheby’s, Niger yemera ko "idafite amategeko bwite agenga za meteories" – umurongo iriya nzu ya cyamunara na yo yavuze. Ariko ntibirasobanuka uburyo umuntu yabashije kubona ibuye riremereye kuriya kandi riteye amatsiko akarisohora mu gihugu abategetsi batabimenye.
Morocco na yo yahuye n’ikibazo nk’iki ku mabuye menshi cyane ya meteorites – arenga 1,000 – yabonetse mu gice cy’ubutayu bwa Sahara kiri muri iki gihugu.
Mu myaka irenga 20 ishize, iki gihugu cyahuye n’ibyo umwanditsi Helen Gordon yise "Gutanguranwa zahabu ya Sahara", bitewe n’amategeko adakomeye ariko yagiye ihindura kurusha bamwe mu baturanyi bayo.
Mu gitabo cye giheruka, The Meteorites, Helen yanditse ko Maroc ari "kimwe mu bihugu bya mbere ku isi byohereza ku isoko ry’amahanga amabuye yo mu isanzure".
Prof Hasnaa Chennaoui Aoudjehane yamaze igice kinini cy’imyaka 25 agerageza kurengera bimwe muri ibi bintu biva mu isanzure bikagwa mu gihugu cye.
Yabwiye BBC ati: "Ni bimwe muri twe, ni igice cy’umurage wacu…ni igice cy’ibituranga kandi bidutera ishema nk’ubutunzi bw’igihugu".
Prof Hasnaa ntabwo arwanya ubucuruzi bwa za ’meteorites’ ariko yakomeje guhirimbanira ko hajyaho amategeko agenga ubu bucuruzi, kuko ariho ubu atarengera mu buryo bwuzuye bene ariya mabuye.
Mu 2011, Prof Hasnaa Chennaoui ari mu butayu bwa Sahara yahavanye ibuye byaje kwemezwa ko ari iryavuye ku mubumbe wa Mars.
Iryo buye nyuma ryaje kwitwa ’Tissint’ ryapimaga 7 Kg, ariko ubu avuga ko garama 30 gusa zaryo ari zo zisigaye muri Maroc. Ko ibindi bice byaryo biri mu nzu ndangamurage zitandukanye ku isi, aho igice cyaryo kinini kiri mu nzu ndangamurage y’i London izwi nka ’Natural History Museum’.
Avuga kuri iri buye ryo muri Niger ryavuye kuri Mars, Hasnaa ntiyatunguwe kuko "ni ibintu nagiye mbona mu myaka 25. Biteye isoni, ntabwo twabyishimira, ariko ni ko bimeze hose mu bihugu byacu."
Prof Sereno yizeye ko iyi cyamunara y’iri buye ya Sotheby’s izahindura ibintu – bwa mbere igatuma abategetsi ba Niger bagira icyo bakora, bwa kabiri "nirigira aho riboneka mu nzu ndangamurage, [iyo nzu] izahura n’ikibazo cy’uko Niger izabyamagana ku mugaragaro".
BBC
