Amateka y’ibitero byifashishije internet(cyber-attacks) si ay’ubu ariko ay’igihugu gitera ikindi hifashishijwe iri tumanaho yatangiye muri 2007 ubwo Uburusiya bwagabaga igitero kuri Estonie, igihugu cyose cyinjira mu icuraburindi.
Hari abasomyi bifuje ko twabagezaho n’inkuru zivuga ku bitero bikorerwa kuri internet. Muri iyi nkuru turahera ku gitero cyo muri 2007 cyagabwe kuri Estoniya nubwo atariho ibi bitero bihera gusa nicyo cya mbere cyari kigabwe ku gihugu cyose.
Igisirikare cya Amerika nicyo cyatangije itumanaho rya internet muri 1969 mu rwego rw’uko mudasobwa zo mu bigo bya gisirikare zabasha gutumatumanaho igihe Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti zari kuba zibagabyeho ibitero by’ibisasu kirimbuzi (Nuclear attacks). Muri za kaminuza zinyuranye niho internet yakurikiyeho, mbere y’uko yamamara ku isi hose guhera mu ntangiriro za 1990. Nubwo ifasha cyane mu gutumanaho, ndetse kuri ubu ikaba ifitiye akamaro ntageranywa ikiremwamuntu, internet ishobora no gukoreshwa nk’intwaro kirimbuzi mu kugaba igitero ku gihugu runaka(Cyberguerre/ cyberwarfare) .
Uko abakoresha internet irushaho gukoreshwa n’umubare munini uko bwije n’uko bukeye, hari n’abayihisha inyuma bagakora ibikorwa bitari byiza
Igitero cya internet cyaba gikozwe n’umutwe runaka cyangwa se igihugu bishobora guteza ingaruka mbi nyinshi harimo gukurwaho kw’amashanyarazi kw’igice kinini cyangwa mu gihugu hose, guhungabanya ubukungu, gukurwaho kw’itumanaho rya telefoni ngendanwa, kubuza indege kugwa cyangwa kuguruka,… Kugeza ubu nta gihugu na kimwe ku isi kitagabwaho iki gitero.
Amerika , iguhugu cya mbere gifite itumanaho ryisumbuyeho rya Internet nacyo kiri mu bihangayikishwa n’ibi bitero ndetse Leta ya Amerika yashoyemo amamiliyari y’Amadorali mu bwirinzi bw’ibi bitero. Minisiteri y’ingabo ya Leta ya Amerika, Pentagon itangaza ko nibura ibitero bigera kuri miliyoni 6 aribyo bigeragezwa kuhagabwa ku munsi.
Filime mbarankuru ya Televiziyo Arte’La guerre invisible’ni imwe mu zisobanura neza iby’igitero igihugu cya Estonie/Estonia/Estoniya cyagabweho muri 2007 , kimara ibyumweru 3 kiri mu icuraburindi. Mu gutegura iyi nkuru twanifashishije filime mbarankuru’ Alerte à la Cyberguerre ya Spécial Investigation.
Estoniya ni kimwe mu bihugu byari bigize Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti(URSS) kugeza muri 1991. Kuri ubu ni umunyamuryango w’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Uburayi(Union européenne ). Ni kimwe mu bihugu ku isi gikoresha cyane itumanaho rya internet (L’un des pays les plus connectes au monde). Abaturage baho bishyura fagitire , bafungura ubucuruzi bushya,bishyura imisoro bakoresheje internet , ndetse abarenga 78% bakora ibikorwa byose bya banki bakoresheje internet . By’akarusho batora n’abadepite bakoresheje itumanaho rya internet kandi bakabasha no kubona serivisi zose za Leta bayifashishije. Iyi ninayo mpamvu iki gihugu bacyitirira igihugu kidakoresha impapuro’ ’Paperless government’. Mu murwa mukuru Tallinn, abaturage baho bishyura aho baparika imodoka(Parking) bakoresheje telefoni ngendanwa. Porogaramu ya Skype ikoreshwa cyane mu kuvugana n’umuntu munarebana nayo yakozwe n’Abanya Estoniya.
Intandaro y’igitero yabaye iyumurwa ry’ikibumbamo
Umubano utari mwiza hagati y’iki gihugu n’Uburusiya ujya gutangira, hari tariki 27 Mata 2007 ubwo himurwaga igishushanyo (statue) cy’umusirikare washushanyaga intsinzi y’ingabo z’icyahoze ari URSS ubwo batsindaga ingabo z’Abanazi bo mu Budage mu ntambara y’isi ya 2(World War II). Iki gishushashanyo cyari mu murwa mukuru Tallinn cyimuriwe mu irimbi rya gisirikare. Kucyimura kwagaragaye nk’agasuzuguro ku Burusiya. Umubare munini w’abatuye Estoniya bakomoka mu Burusiya. Nibura ¼ mu batuye Estoniya akomoka mu Burusiya. Nyuma yo kwimura kiriya gishushanyo hakurikiyeho imyigaragabyo yakomerekeje abarenga 150, 200 barafungwa ndetse 1 arahagwa.
Iki nicyo kibumbe cyatumye ibikorwa remezo bya Estoniya bigabwaho igitero
Mu ntangiriro z’ukwezi kwa Gicurasi 2007 ,hakurikiyeho igitero kitagaragara, kititwaje ibitwaro bya gisirikare, indege kabuhariwe ahubwo igitero cyibasira itumanaho rya internet. Hibasiwe imbuga z’ubucuruzi, izitangaza amakuru ,iz’amabanki hiyongereyeho iz’inzego nkuru za Leta ya Estoniya harimo iya Minisiteri y’ingabo ndetse niya Perezida wa Esteonia.Izi zose zavuyeho, igihugu cyose cyinjira mu icuraburindi. Abaturage ntibari bakibasha gusoma ubutumwa bwabo bwa email, kubasha kubitsa no kubikuza amafaranga,… Ibi ninabyo BBC yagarutseho mu nkuru yahaye umutwe ugira uti’ Estonia hit by ’Moscow cyber war’ yo ku wa 17 Gicurasi 2007.
Ubwo Estonie yasabaga ubufasha umuryango wa OTAN/NATO, byagaragaye ko imashini za mudasobwa zari zagabye igitero zabarizwaga mu bihugu nibura 100 harimo n’izo muri Washington muri Amerika. Umwanzi ntiyagaragaraga, ndetse byari bigoye gushinja Uburusiya nubwo abayobizi bakuru ba Estoniya bihutiye gutangaza ko igitero cyabagabweho cyari itegeko rya Leta y’Uburusiya.
Bifashishije ‘Botsnets’ mu kugaba igitero kuri Estonie
Nyuma y’intambara y’ubutita(Guerre froide/Cold war), Uburusiya bwatangiye gushyira imbaraga mu ikoranabuhanga mu rwego rwo kubasha guhangana n’ibitero by’ibisasu bya Missile igihe Amerika yari kuba ibibagabyeho. Urwego rw’ubutasi rw’uburusiya, KGB rwatangiye gutoza abasore bakiri bato ikoranabuhanga . Ni abasore bafite nibura imyaka 25 batari abasirikare cyangwa se ngo babe bakora mu nzego z’ubutasi.
Constantin Goloskokov wiyemerera ko ari umwe mu bagabye igitero kuri Estoniya
Constantin Goloskokov, umwe mu bari bayoboye igitero cya mbere cy’amateka cyakozwe n’abasore bakiri bato bibumbiye mu mutwe witwa’Nashi’ yemeje ko bageze ku ntego yabo. Ati”Nkurikije uko igitero cyo kuri Estonie cyagenze, navuga ko cyageze neza kandi kuba na nyuma y’indi myaka kirangiye kigikomeza kuvugwa nabwo birerekana ko twageze ku ntego zacu.” Nubwo igitero cy’ abagize Nashi group cyafashwe nk’igifite inyungu za Politiki, aganira na Radio Free Europe, Goloskokov yahakanye ko Leta yaba yarabahaye ubufasha mu kukigaba.
Ubusanzwe iyo usuye urubuga runaka, ubusabe bwawe bwoherezwa kuri seriveri ibitse urwo rubuga(web server) hanyuma nayo igatanga igisubizo. Iyo seriveri yakiriye ubusabe bwinshi cyane birenze urugero mu gihe gito, bituma idakora neza, urubuga rukavaho(Denial of sevice). Iyo iki gikorwa gikozwe na mudasobwa nyinshi icyarimwe nibyo bita Distributed denial of service, (DDoS)mwene ibi bitero babyita DDoS attacks. Mukugaba iki gitero, itsinda ry’aba basore b’abahanga mu bya internet, bakoresheje uburyo bwa ‘Botnets’, bohereje ubusabe bwinshi ku mbuga zo muri Estonie. Mu nyandiko yacyo’Les cyberattaques massives d’origine russe contre l’Estonie préoccupent l’Alliance atlantique’,ikinyamakuru Le monde cyatangaje ko nyuma y’itariki 27 Mata 2007, imbuga z’inzego za Leta zatangiye kugabwaho ibitero , zigasurwa nibura inshuro 2000 buri segonda(visites par seconde/Visits per second).
Iyi niyo shusho igaraga uko igitero gikozwe mu buryo bwa’Botnet’ kiba kimeze
Bavuga ijambo botnet iyo umuntu umwe ariwe uri gukoresha mudasobwa irenze imwe mu kugaba igitero kuri seriveri runaka. Mu kugaba igitero, inzobere mu byamudasobwa zikomoka mu Burusiya zakoresheje ubu buryo ariko bifashisha mudasobwa nyinshi cyane ziturutse ku isi yose ari nayo mpamvu igitero bagabye cyari gifite imbaraga nyinshiConstantin Goloskokov yasobanuye ko ubu aribwo buryo bakoresheje bifashishije n’izindi porogaramu za mudasobwa we n’itsinda ryabo bakoze babasha gutuma imbuga zo muri Estonie zivaho. Mu nyandiko yarwo rwahaye umutwe ugira uti’ Russia confirms involvement with Estonia DDoS attacks’,yo ku wa 12 Werurwe 2009, urubuga scmagazine rwatangaje ko nibura ibitero 130 bya DDoS aribyo byagabwe ku gihugu cya Estoniya.
Ukwihihuta kw’igitero cya internet mu gushyira igihugu mu icuraburindi byatumye ibihugu bikize bishya ubwoba. Muri 2009 nibwo OTAN/NATO yashyize ikigo cya gisirikare kigamije kurwanya ibitero byo kuri internet(Nato Computer Incident Response Capability). Mu nama yahuje ibihugu bigize umuryango wa NATO tariki 19 na 20 Ugushyingo 2010 ibera i Lisbone muri Portugal, hemejwe ko ibitero binyuze kuri internet bishyirwa mu cyiciro kimwe n’iterabwoba cyangwa ibitero by’ibisasu bya kirimbuzi.
Ibitero byifashishije itumanaho rya internet, igice gishya cyo kurwaniraho intambara hagati y’ibihugu
Nyuma y’ibice 4 bisanzwe birwanirwaho intambara :ubutaka, ikirere,isanzure, amazi kuri ubu intambara y’ibitero binyuze kuri internet ni igice cya 5 cyamaze kwinjira aharwanirwa(champ de bataille/Battlefield).Ibi ninabyo Minisitiri w’Ingabo w’Ubufaransa Jean-Yves Le Drian yagarutseho mu mpera za Nzeli 2015. « Mu ntambara yo mu gihe kizaza, bizaba ngombwa ko ibitero by’ikoranabuhanga bizajya bihuzwa n’ubundi bwoko bw’imirwanire. » Aya ni amagambo ya Jean-Yves Le Drian ubwo yagarukaga kuburyo igihugu cye gifata intambara ikorerwa kuri internet. Ni amagambo wasoma mu nyandiko y’ikinyamakuru Liberation cyahaye umutwe ugira uti’ Existe-t-il un droit de la cyberguerre ?’yo ku wa 3 Ugushyingo 2015.
Muri Kanama 2008 ubwo Uburusiya bwari butangiye intambara yeruye n’igihugu cya Georgia yamaze iminsi 8,mu gihe ibimodoka bya gisirikare byarwaniraga ku butaka, abahanga kabuhariwe muri mudasobwa bo mu Burusiya bifashije ubuhanga bwabo , bakuyeho urubuga rwa Perezida wa Georgia ndetse bateza akaduruvayo mu itumanaho ry’ibiro bikuru by’igisirikare cya Georgia.
Iki ni igice cya mbere mu bice byinshi tuzabagezaho ku bitero bigabwa hifashishijwe internet cyangwa se ibigira ingaruka nini ku bihugu biba byakozwe n’abahanga mubya mudasobwa(Hackers). Ubwunganizi bwawe kuri iyi nkuru turabwakira.Shyira igitekerezo cyawe ahabugenewe cyangwa niba ufite inkuru ivuga kuri iyi ngingo twageza ku basomyi, oyohereze kuri email :
[email protected].
Indi ngingo wumva twazagarukaho mu gihe kizaza, wakohereza ubutumwa bwawe kuri email yatanzwe.
