Imyaka isaga 111 irashize ubwo ubwato rutura bwa Titanic bwagonganaga n’urutare rw’urubura mu gicuku kinishye mu mwijima w’ijoro. Icyo gihe abagenzi benshi bari basinziye. Ni ubwato bwari bwarakoranywe ubuhanga buhanitse muri icyo gihe ku buryo ababukoze bavugaga ko butashoboraga na rimwe kurohama ndetse ko “n’Imana ubwayo itashoboraga kubuzitsa’’.
Ubwo iyo mpanuka yabaga, ubwato bwa Titanic bwavaga mu mujyi wa Southampton mu Bwongereza bwerekeza i New York ho muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu rugendo rw’ibilometero 41 ku isaha, nuko nyuma y’amasaha atatu yonyine, Titanic irohama mu nyanja ya Atalantiki mu ijoro ryari bucye ari itariki 15 Mata 1912.
Ubu bwato byavugwaga ko butigeze burohama bwararohamye. Abakabakaba 1500 bapfiriye muri iyo mpanuka. Ifatwa nk’impanuka yo mu nyanja ikomeye kurusha izindi na nyuma y’iyi myaka 111 yose ishize.
Ibisigazwa byavanywe aho iyo mpanuka yabereye mu kwezi kwa cyenda k’umwaka wa 1985. Muri iyi mpanuka, ubwo bwato bwarajanjaguritse busadukamo kabiri ku ntera ya metero 3.843, ibilometero 650 uvuye muri Canada, kandi ibyo bice bibiri byayo byasanzwe hagati yabyo harimo intera ya metero 800.
Na nyuma y’imyaka 111 iyi mpanuka ibayeho, haracyari ibisa n’amayobera byerekeye iyi mpanuka. Ishami rya BBC News ryo muri Brazil ryagerageje gushaka ibisubizo ku mabanga n’amahurizo y’ibibazo byibazwa ku bitaramenyekana kuri Titanic kugeza ubu riganiriza inzobere zitandukanye nk’uko tubikugezaho muri iyi nkuru.
1. "Ngo ’’n’Imana ntiyashoboraga kuyirohamisha!!!’’
Byavugwaga ko ubu bwato bwakoranywe ubuhanga butari gutuma bushobora kurohama. Ababukoze bararenze banavuga ko “n’Imana ubwayo itashoboraga kuburohamisha”. Hari impamvu zatumaga abantu bagira iyi myizerere.
Alexander de Pinho Alho, porofeseri n’umwalimu wa Kaminuza ya Rio de Janeiro mu ishami ry’Ubucukuzi bw’Amabuye y’Agaciro avuga ko “ku byerekeranye n’ubuhanga mu bucukuzi, Titanic bwari ubwato bwa mbere bukozwe bishingiye ku buhanga buhambaye mu miterere yabwo. Ibice bimwe byo gukumira amazi byarubatswe imbere mu bwato ku buryo mu gihe icyumba kimwe cyashoboraga kuzura amazi kitashobora gutuma ikindi kirohama.”
Habayeho ibibazo runaka mu gihe cy’imyiteguro y’ubu bwato, habaho ibitekerezo byinshi hibazwa ikigero cy’uburebure ubu bwato bwasabwaga gushyirwaho, kugira ngo insinga z’amashanyarazi n’ibigega by’amazi bishobore gukora akazi neza.
Nk’uko Prof. Alho akomeza abivuga, “Nyuma yo kwita no gutekereza neza kuri icyo, bari barafashe umwanzuro ku burebure bw’ubwato, yewe no mu gihe cy’imyuzure, bakora ku buryo bumvaga amazi adashobora kurengera ubu bwato ngo agere ku burebure bw’igisenge cyabwo. Na none kandi, bakoze ibyumba by’umutekano hejuru y’igisenge.”
Nyamara ariko, nta muntu wari gutekereza ko hashobora kubaho ukugongana gukomeye n’ibuye ry’urubura.
Porofeseri Alho agira ati “Ibyago bikomeye byari uko hari umwobo ungana na kimwe cya kabiri cy’uburebure bw’ubwato. Muri iyo mimerere rero, amazi yageze ku gisenge.”
“Ubwato bwuzuye amazi rero, iyo bimeze bityo, ubutabazi no kurokora abantu ntibishoboka, ushobora kwatsa amapompo yose yo gukura amazi mu bwato, ushobora kugerageza inzira zose ariko umuvuduko w’amazi yinjira mu bwato uba ungana n’uw’asohoka. Ntashobora gusohoka vuba.”
Umuhanga mu bwubatsi bw’amato manini akaba kandi umusare ubirambyemo, Thierry we avuga ko “Titanic yurijwe igakorwa ku buryo itashoboraga kurohama. Ibi ni ukubera yuko imyenge myinshi yakozwe mu nkuta zitagira amazi. Mu byumba byo hasi, ubwato ntibwashoboraga kurohama n’igihe bwari kuba bubayemo umwuzure. Ariko ukugongana n’ikibuye cy’urubura byateje ubwato kwangirika bikomeye kandi n’inkuta nyinshi zitageragamo amazi zirangirika.”
Aurilo Soras Murta ni umwalimu muri Kaminuza ya Fluminence, yigisha mu ishami ryo gutwara abantu n’ibintu, we avuga ko “Sisitemu yari yakoreshejwe mu gufunga igice cya Titanic kitinjirwamo n’amazi itakoraga akazi neza nk’uko bisabwa.”
Muri icyo gihe icyuma cyakoreshejwe gukora ubwato nta ngufu cyari gifite ndetse nticyari gikomeye nk’icyuma gikomeye kuruta ibindi cyashoboraga gukoreshwa muri ibyo bihe.
“Imiterere y’ubwato na yo yari yarahindutse nyuma yo gusakirana n’ikibuye bigakubitana ingufu cyane. Imiryango ntiyari yafunzwe, yari yakwamye. Yewe no muri icyo gihe, Titanic yakozwe mu cyuma gisukuye ariko icyuma cyo muri icyo gihe cyari kimeze nk’icyuma cya none. Nta mbaraga cyari gifite, nticyari gikomeye.”
John Vaitavuk, porofeseri wigisha ku bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro muri Kaminuza ya Mackenzie Persebyterian y’i Sao Paulo, asobanura ko kugeza mu myaka ya za 1940, igice kinini cy’ubwato cyari gikozwe mu byuma.
Nyamara nubwo bimeze bityo, nyuma y’aho ibyo byuma byakoreshejwe mu gukora igice kinini cy’aya mato bibanje gushongeshwa.
“Ikoranabuhanga n’ibikoresho byarahindutse uhereye icyo gihe. Ubu ibyuma bihuzwa habanje gushongesha icyuma. Gukoresha kariboni mu gukora icyuma na byo biragabanuka no gukoresha ikinyabutabire cya manganese byatangiye kwiyongera. Icyuma cy’ubu cyo kirakomeye cyane,” ni ko Vaitavuk asobanura.
Nk’uko Vaitavuk abivuga, ibikoresho by’ubu byo mu njyanja bifite ubushobozi burenze bwo guhangana n’impinduka z’imiyaga yo mu nyanja n’imiraba.
2. Ihangana mu gutanga abandi kubona “Blue Band”
Nyuma y’iyi mpanuka ikomeye, amakosa y’ikiremwamuntu iteka uyasanga mu mpamvu z’ibyo bakora.
Nk’uko inzobere zibivuga, hari igitutu gikomeye kuri ubu bwato cyo gusoza uru rugendo vuba nubwo hari ibibazo byagaragaraga byatezwa no kwambuka igice cy’inyanja kigizwe n’ahantu hari amabuye y’urubura.
Mu by’ukuri, iki gitutu cyari icyo kugera kuri “Blue Band”. Guhera mu mwaka wa 1839, iki cyubahiro n’igihembo cyahabwaga ubwato bwashoboraga kwambuka bwangu kurusha ubundi Inyanja ya Atalantiki. Titanic rero yagaragaraga nk’ubwato bwari mu mwanya mwiza wo guhataniria iki cyubahiro kurusha ubundi bitewe n’uburyo bwari bwarakozwe.
Porofeseri Alho avuga ko ugendeye aho ibihe byari bigeze, ubuhanga mu bwubatsi n’ikoranabuhanga rihambaye byakoreshejwe mu gukora Titanic. Icyo gihe, habayeho uguhiganwa hagati y’amakompanyi akomeye ku isi mu gukora ubu bwato. Icyo gihe, hagati y’Ubwongereza n’Ubudage, hariho ihangana rikomeye ryo gukora ubwato burebure kandi bwihuta kuruta ubundi.
Ubwato bunini kandi bugendera ku muvuduko uhambaye kuruta ubundi bwahabwaga ku mugaragaro bande y’ubururu (Blue Band). Urugendo rwa mbere rwafatwaga nk’urw’ingenzi kurusha izindi ku bwato ubwo ari bwo bwose mu kugera kuri iki kintu.
Nk’uko Alho abivuga, “Uko ubwato buhagaze biba byiza kurushaho mu rugendo rwa mbere, umuvuduko w’ubwato ushobora kugera ku rugendo rwa mbere, na Titanic na yo yagerageje kongera umuvuduko.”
Benshi mu barokotse muri iyi mpanuka bavuze ko umuyobozi (kapiteni) w’ubwo bwato yahawe amakuru ko imbere hari ikibuye cy’urubura ahantu bendaga kugera, ariko ngo ntiyagabanije umuvuduko w’ubu bwato, ubwo yarimo agerageza kwambuka inyanja ya Atalantiki muri ako gace, we icyo yashakaga kugeraho ni intego yari yiyemeje.
3. Si urwa Titanic yonyine
Titanic ntiyari yonyine. Ikompanyi ya White Star Line, yatwaraga ubu bwato, yategetse ko andi mato atatu yakubakwa mu bibuga by’amato vya Harland na Wolff mu mujyi wa Belfast mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 20.
Byari biteganijwe ko aya amato atatu, yubatswe n’itsinda ry’abavumbuzi n’abahangadushya bo ku rwego mpuzamahanga, yagombaga kuba maremare kurushaho, afite umutekano kandi afite ibikoresho bihagije. Umuhanga mu bucukuzi Stump avuga ko “Iyi mishinga na yo yatangajwe neza muri icyo gihe.”
Aya mato yakozwe hagati y’umwaka wa 1908 n’uwa 1915 yiswe amato y’ishuri rya Olimpiki. Umurimo wo gukora aya mato abiri waratangiye, Olimpiki itangira gukorwa mu mwaka wa 1908 na ho Titanic mu mwaka wa 1909. Mu gihe gukora ubwato bwa gatatu bwiswe Gigantic byo byatangiye mu mwaka wa 1911.
Gusa nubwo bimeze bityo, aya mato atatu yose yaje gukora impanuka mu bihe runaka bitandukanye. Ubwato bwa Olimpiki bwatangiye serivisi zabwo muri Kamena 1911, maze muri uwo mwaka bugongana n’ubwato bw’intambara. Bwaje gusanwa, hanyuma burongera bukomeza ibikorwa na serivisi zabwo.
Mu gihe cy’Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi, Igisirikare cyo mu Mazi cy’Ubwongereza cyakoreshaga ubu bwato mu kuvana abasirikare ahantu hamwe bubajyana ahandi.
Mu mwaka wa 1918, ubwato bwa Gigantic bwagonganye n’abarwanyi barwanira mu nsi y’inyanja (submarine) b’Ubudage. Nyuma yo kubukora, bwatangiye gukora na none guhera mu 1920. Ifatwa nk’ubwato bwa kera kandi bwo kwizerwa, bukaba bwarakoreshejwe kugeza mu 1935.
Titanic yakoze urugendo rwayo rwa mbere tariki ya 10 z’ukwa kane mu 1912. Yari yabanje kurokoka impanuka yindi yashoboraga kuyigonganisha n’ubundi bwato hafi gato n’inkombe ya Southampton.
Nyamara ngo nta we urusimbuka rwamubonye. Ku itariki ya 14 Mata, noneho ntiyarusimbuka ikora impanuka izwi kurusha izindi mu mateka.
Ubwato bunini ariko butakoreshejwe cyane. Izina ryabwo ryarahinduwe maze yitwa Britannic. Igisirikare Kirwanira mu Mazi cy’Ubwongereza cyabuhinduyemo ibitaro mu gihe cy’Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi. Ubu bwato bwarohamye mu kwezi 11 mu mwaka wa 1916.
Aya mato uko ari atatu yari manini cyane mu gihe cyayo ariko ni mato ugereranije n’igihe tugezemo.
“Ugereranije n’amato manini ya none, turiya twari nka twa twato bavugamisha ingashyi,” ni ko Murta avuga.
Uburebure bwa Titanic bwari metero 269. Ubariyemo n’abakozi n’abagenzi, bwari bufite ahantu harara abantu bagera ku 3300. Ubwato bwo mu nyanya bunini buruta ubundi ubu ni ubwitwa Wonder of the Sea, bufite uburebure bwa metero 362 bukaba bushobora gutwara abagenzi 7.000 bufite abakozi 2300.
4. Ni kuki hapfiriyemo abantu benshi?
Hafi abantu 1500 bapfiriye mu mpanuka ya Titanic, nyuma y’aho hatangira kwigwa no gukazwa imiterere y’umutekano w’ibinyabiziga bigendera mu mazi. Nyuma y’iyi mpanuka, hatangiye gukoreshwa ibikoresho bisa na za radari zigenzura ibinyabiziga bikorera ingendo mu nyanja.
“Gukoresha za radari byatangiye nyuma gato y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’isi. Mbere y’aho, buri kintu cyashingiraga ku buryo umuntu arebesha amaso ye. Umugenzi yabaga yicaye hejuru uvuye aho yashoboraga kuburira abari mu bwato igihe abonye umusozi w’urubura ubwato bwegereye. Iyi ni yo nzira yakoreshwaga, ntabwo yari ifite umutekano uhagije, birumvikana, igihe ubwato bwari kuba bugenda ku muvuduko uhambaye,” ni ko Porofeseri Alho abisobanura.
Amabwiriza y’umutekano wa Titanic yarakajijwe, abantu basabwa kuyubahiriza. Abantu benshi bapfiriye mu mpanuka ya Titanic kuko nta bwato buto bwo gutabara no kurokora ubuzima bwabo bwari buhari ngo bube bwarateganirijwe igihe cy’impanuka.
