Amafaranga y’inguzanyo n’amadeni bifatwa n’abashaka kuyakoresha mu bibazo bya buri munsi birimo guhaha, kwishyura iby’ibanze nkenerwa yarazamutse agera kuri miliyari $14.1 muri USA muri Gashyantare uyu mwaka. Abasesengura batekereza iri zamuka rikabije ryugarije ingo zo muri Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika rishobora kuzatuma perezida uriho Joe Biden adatorerwa manda ya kabiri muri icyo gihugu.
Inyigo yakorewe kuri murandasi n’ikinyamakuru The Guardian ibaza ku itira ry’amadeni muri USA yabajije Abanyamerika bafite imyaka y’ubukure bo mu bigero bitandukanye mu gihugu cyose maze abasubije benshi bavuga ko bagowe cyane no kwishyura amadeni yabo.
Ikigero gikabije cy’amadeni Abanyamerika bafata ntibabashe kuyishyura kuko amafaranga binjiza atabasha guhaza ibyo bakenera ku kwezi ni ikintu gituma, mu gihe abaturage ba henshi ku isi harimo n’Abanyarwanda bifuza kujya gutura muri iki gihugu, abagituye na bo bagaragaza ko bifuza kukivamo bakajya kwiturira aho ‘ubuhake bwaruta ubundi’ kuko icyari “American dream” cyafatwaga nk’urugero rw’icyitegererezo cy’imibereho myiza abandi ku isi bigiraho gisigaye ari inzozi nyine nk’izo umuntu arota ku manywa.
Robin w’imyaka 70 y’amavuko, ni umwalimu w’indimi uri mu kiruhuko cy’izabukuru utuye muri leta ya California, abeshwaho na $14,000 ahabwa mu mafaranga y’ubwiteganyirize. Avuga ko nubwo azi gukora neza igenamigambi ry’amafaranga “budgeting”, n’ubundi bikomeza kwanga akisanga ari mu madeni akomeza kwiyongera kuko atanafite uburyo bundi yakora ngo yongere amafaranga yinjiza, nk’umuntu ufite ubumuga ku kigero cy’iyi myaka.
Ati “Namugaye kandi njya mu kiruhuko mu myaka 20 ishize. Kuko ibiciro byagiye byiyongera cyane, byaba iby’imigati, gaze, buri kimwe – buri kwezi mba nashiriwe, ugasanga rero hari ibyo nkeneye kandi by’ibanze nishyura nkoresheje ikarita yanjye mfatiraho ideni (credit card). Ibi bimaze amezi atandatu bingendekera bityo, Ndahangayitse. Ubu koko ni gute nzabasha kwishyura aya madeni mu gihe buri kintu kigenda gihenda kurushaho uko bwije n’uko bukeye?”
“Mu busanzwe, ibintu bisanzwe mbasha kubyishyura. Nkodesha icyumba kimwe cya $450, noneho nkishyura $100 y’ikarita yanjye y’ideni. Nkunda guhita nyishyura vuba vuba.”
“ibintu bingwaho ntabiteganije ni byo bingora kandi biza buri gihe: kugura amapine mashya y’imodoka, kujyana imbwa yanjye ku muvuzi w’amatungo. Ubu mfite ideni rya $2,500 kandi ndaryirengagiza. Ariko se nzabigira nte ubukode nibwiyongera? Mu gihe nzakenera gusimbuza imodoka yanjye yo mu 1997 nzabigira nte?
Robin avuga ko icyakamufashije ari uko igihugu cyakwiga uburyo bwo kugabanya inyungu ku madeni. “Biteye cyane umujagararo w’ubwonko, kandi abantu benshi babayeho muri iyi mimerere,” ni ko avuga.
Aravuga ibi mu gihe Banki ya leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika iteganya kongera inyungu ku ideni ikayishyira kuri 5.5% iyivanye kuri 5.25% ku madeni.
Kenneth w’imyaka 42 utuye i Fayette muri Alabama, akora umurimo wo gutunganya imiturirwa, na we iki kibazo kiramugeraho.
“Maze iminsi mfata amadeni kurusha uko byahoze, buri kintu kiragenda kirushaho guhenda kandi imishahara ni mito muri Alabama y’icyaro.” Avuga ko ikimugiraho ingaruka kuruta ibindi ari inyungu ihanitse ku madeni ye.
“Niba ugomba kuguza amafaranga kandi ukaba udashobora kuyakura muri banki, uzishyura inyungu ku kigero cya 35%, ni ibintu bisekeje ariko binababaje. Nafashe inguzanyo ya $2000 mu gihe cy’amezi 24 none ngiye kwishyura $4,000.
Donna, w’imyaka 63, yinjiza $50,000 ku mwaka, amafaranga kuri we atakimuhagije ngo yishyure ibyo akeneye, nubwo ngo muri kamere ye n’imikorere, asanzwe azi gukoresha neza amafaranga, kudasesagura no kutagura ibitari ngombwa.
Ati “Njya mu biruhuko, ngahahira mu maduka ahendutse, nkarya amafunguro agizwe n’ibimera ngakodesha icyumba mu nzu mbamo nkanita ku mbwa yanjye.
“Mu gihe umushahara wanjye utigeze wiyongera mu gihe cy’imyaka itatu, ntabwo imishahara ihura n’ibyo tugura dukenera. Abakozi baza kudukorera mu rugo baca $124 ku isaha aho ntuye. Ntiwaba winjiza $24 ku isaha ngo maze wishyure undi $125 ku isaha ngo agukorere akazi ko mu rugo.
“Mu 2008 ninjizaga $65,000 mbere y’uko mva kuri ako kazi. Ni gute ubu nabeshwaho n’amafaranga 15% munsi y’ayo ninjizaga mu myaka 15 ishize?
Donna ari muri benshi bisanze mu mutuku kubera kwishyura amafaranga y’ubuvuzi n’imiti atari yarateganyije nubwo afite ubwishingizi bw’ubuvuzi.
Kuvunika ku kagombambari byatumye yishyura $10,000 ubwo yabagwaga umwaka ushize nk’inyongera ku mafaranga yishingira ku mwaka.
Ati “Byansabye gukura $7,000 ku mafaranga yanjye y’ubwiteganyirize bw’izabukuru kugira ngo nishyure ku madeni nafashe kandi mu myaka ibiri ishize nafashe 10% mu mafaranga yanjye y’ubwiteganyirize kugira ngo nishyure ibyo nkeneye. Ni amafaranga ntazi uko nzishyura.
“Operasiyo yo kumbaga yatwaye $9,200, 25% y’ayo ninjiza ku mwaka yose nishyuye imisoro n’ubwiteganyirize – byumvikana impamvu ngomba kubeshwaho na ‘credit cards’ n’ubwiteganyirize bw’izabukuru!”
“Biteye ubwoba cyane gukura amafaranga mu kigega cyanjye cy’ubwiteganyirize kugira ngo mbeho, nibaza uburyo nzaba nkennye nimara kujya mu zabukuru, niba nzabasha kujya nita ku nzu yanjye. Nyamara ubuzima bwanjye bwose narakoraga. Hari ikitagenda.”
Ibiciro bidasiba kwiyongera byo gusana inzu ni kimwe mu byo aba Banyamerika babwiye The Guardian nk’ikibatwara amafaranga benshi muri bo bavuga ko bagiye vuba aha baguza akayabo k’amafaranga ngo batunganye banasane ingo zabo (home maintainance).
Chris w’imyaka 52 ni umwalimu wigisha mu burezi bw’abafite ubumuga. Avuga ko ubu afite amadeni ya $47,000 (arakababa miliyoni 50 RWF) kubera ikiguzi gihanitse cy’ubuvuzi ndetse no gusana inzu mu myaka itatu ishize.
Mu 2020, nta deni yagiraga nyuma yo kwishyura $54,000 nyuma ya gatanya ye, ni ko avuga, gusa nyuma y’aho ibiguzi by’ubuvuzi bingana na $12,000 byahise byikubitamo maze yisanga agomba gusimbuza ibyuma biringaniza umwuka bya HVAC (air conditioning) no gukata bimwe mu biti mu rugo.
Chris yagujije $33,000, maze nyuma afata indi nguzanyo ya $17,000 kugira ngo yishyure iya mbere.
Ati “Nagujije Petero ngo nishyure Pawulo, kandi nubwo umushahara wanjye wiyongereye ukava kuri $65,000 ukagera kuri $125,000 biciye mu kwigisha abana mu mpeshyi n’abandi bo ku ruhande nigisha.” Denver irahenze kandi nishyura ubufasha bw’abana rero byarangiye ngomba gukora akandi kazi ka kabiri, aho ntwarira ikigo gitwara abagenzi mu modoka ngo ndebe ko nakwigobotora iri deni ndimo.
“Ntwara ijoro ryose muri za wikendi kugira ngo ndebe ko nakorera $1,000 [miliyoni irenga mu mafaranga y’u Rwanda] y’inyongera ku kwezi, rero rimwe na rimwe mba mpangayikiye amagara yanjye. Ndizera ko mbere y’uko ibi bintera uburwayi, nzabishobora (kwishyura ideni rye) mu gihe cy’amezi make ari imbere. Ndacyarimo ideni rya $14,000. Abanyamerika benshi bafite umurimo wa kabiri bakora.”
Icyari “American dream” gisigaye ari inzozi nyine kubera amadeni
Kuri Alex w’imyaka 44 utuye i Los Angeles akaba amaze igihe kitari gito akora mu myamya y’ubuyobozi mu ruganda rw’imyidagaduro, ubuzima n’imibereho muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika byataye icyanga cyabwo kubera guhora ahanganye n’ideni.
Nyuma yo kubura akazi ke kubera icyorezo cya Covid, byamufashe hafi amezi 18 ngo abone undi mwanya w’akazi.
Ati “Muri iki gihe cy’akaga, ayo twari twarizigamiye yose yarayoyotse, kugeza mu 2022 nari naramaze gushirirwa neza neza n’amafaranga.”
Nubwo yaje kubona akazi gahemba umushahara mwiza, Alex avuga ko ibiciro bitumbagira buri munsi, ikigero cy’inyungu ku nguzanyo kigenda kizamuka ndetse n’ibiciro by’ubukode bw’inzu byatumye umuryango we uzamura ikigero wakeneragaho gukoresha amakarita afatirwaho inguzanyo (credit cards).
“Njye n’umugore wanjye twagujije $100,000 maze turayishyura ariko ubu turimo irindi deni rya $100,000 ryo kwishyura ibyo dukenera ndetse n’amadeni nubwo nahembwaga $250,000 ku mwaka mu kazi mperuka. Nari nzi ngo ngiye kuruhuka ariko umutwaro w’ideni ry’ikarita y’ideni na wo ntutuma tubasha kwizigamira no kwishimira imbuto z’icyuya twiyuhira mu kazi.
Ku bukode bw’inzu y’ibyumba bibiri bishyura $4,000 n’ubwishingizi bw’ubuvuzi bwa $1,800 ku kwezi, Alex n’umugore we babasha gusa kwishyura amadeni yabo.
“Uku kwishingikiriza ideni byabaye ikintu cya ngombwa twifashisha kugira ngo turebe ko twabasha gukemura ibibazo by’amafaranga tugira umunsi ku munsi no kwita ku mwana wacu w’umuhungu kugira ngo mu byo akenera atagira ibyo abura,” ni ko Alex avuga.
Alex ari mu bantu batari bake bavuga ko batekereza ibyo kuva muri US bakajya ahandi kubera imimerere yabo mu by’ubyukungu.
Ati “ Nkurikije igitutu kituriho mu bukungu, nkurahiye ko ubu dutekereza kwimukira mu bihugu aho igiciro cyo kubaho ari gito ugereranije na hano ndetse ukuguma ku ku kazi bikaba byizewe kandi n’ubuzima bukaba ari bwiza kurusha hano. Turatekereza kwimukira mu Bufaransa, Esipanye cyangwa mu Butaliyani.
“Ubukungu bwa Ameruka burakomeye cyane ubu ku buryo abantu basigaye batinya gufata cya kiruhuko cy’umwaka. Uburyo n’inzira yo kugera ku bukire buteye ikibazo cyane, none uravuga ‘inzozi za Kinyamerika’ [American dream]? Kuri benshi icyo ni ikintu kitakibaho.”
None wabigenza ute ngo ureke kujya uhembwa ku kwezi warashiriwe?
Si urw’umwe! Mu gihe Abanyamerika barizwa no kudahazwa n’ayo bahembwa ku kwezi bibatera iteka gusanga barimo amadeni, icyiyongera ku bushomeri buganje mu bihugu nk’u Rwanda bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere ni uko n’abafite imirimo cyane cyane iyo bahemberwa ku kwezi usanga benshi bahorana ikibazo cyo guhembwa bahita bishyura maze mu kwezi hagati bakaba baratangiye gufata madeni ukwezi kugashira bishyura bigakomeza bityoooo! Boshye inzoka yiruma umurizo.
Ibi mu ndimi z’amahanga byitwa “Living from paycheck to paycheck” [Kubeshwaho no kwishyurwa ariko nawe ayo wishyuwe ugahita uyishyura abandi], ni byo dukomeza muri iyi nkuru tuvuga uburyo butanu buri mu bwagufasha kubyirinda.
Hari ubushakashatsi bwo mu 2022 buvuga ko 63% by’ababwitabiriye bavuze ko bataragira umutekano mu by’imari (financial security) ndetse bene iyi mibereho na yo ibabaho. Dore rero ibyo wakora ukabicikaho.
1. Kora ingengo y’imari
Muri rusange, usanga benshi muri twe tutazi neza uburyo n’ibyo dukoreshaho amafaranga mu gihe cy’ukwezi, nyamara byadufasha cyane turamutse tugiye twandika buri kimwe dukoreshejeho amafaranga. Gukora ingengo y’imari biguha ishusho ngari y’imari yawe n’aho amafaranga yawe ajya mu by’ukuri.
Ukwiye kumenya aho buri giceri cyawe kijya, kuko uzasanga hari ibintu utaho amafaranga mu buryo budakwiye na gato, kandi ufite uko wabyirinda.
2. Shaka andi masoko y’aho winjiriza amafaranga
Uribuka Chris w’imyaka 52, umwalimu wigisha mu burezi bw’abafite ubumuga twavuzeho haruguru muri iyi nkuru? Mu rwego rwo gushaka uko yishyura ideni rya $47,00, kuko bitamushobokera kuryishyura akoresheje umushahara we dore uko abigenza.
Agira ati: “Ntwara ijoro ryose muri za wikendi kugira ngo ndebe ko nakorera $1,000 [miliyoni irenga mu mafaranga y’u Rwanda] y’inyongera ku kwezi. Abanyamerika benshi bafite umurimo wa kabiri bakora.”
Aha kandi avuga ko azi benshi mu Banyamerika bakora akazi karenze kamwe kugira ngo barebe ko babasha kubona amafaranga akemura ibibazo by’amafaranga bagomba gukemura.
Niba akazi uhemberwa ku kwezi kataguha umushahara uhagije wo gukemura ibibazo by’ibanze by’amafaranga ugira, ukwiye gutekereza kuba washaka ahantu ha kabiri hakwirinjiriza amafaranga.
Byagutangaza cyane umenye uburyo hari imirimo myinshi ikorerwa kuri murandasi itagusaba gukora mu buryo buhoraho (online part-time jobs) wakora ikagira inyongera ikomeye ishyira ku ngengo y’imari yawe.
Unganira umushahara wawe ukora akazi ko ku ruhande. Ni akazi ushobora gushaka kiyongera ku ko ukora cyane cyane akazi wakorera kuri murandasi. Niba ukora akazi guhera saa tatu za mu gitondo kugeza saa kumi n’imwe, ushobora gushaka akandi wakora k’amasaha ane, ni ukuvuga guhera saa yine z’ijoro, ubundi ukajya kuruhuka.
Niba uri umwanditsi mwiza, washaka ikinyamakuru wajya wandikira inkuru bakaziguhembera. Niba uri umwalimu ushobora gushaka abana wigisha nyuma y’akazi kawe, bizwi nka “coaching”, n’ibindi bitewe n’umwuga ukora.
Erega wagura na ka moto ukajya utwara abantu nyuma y’amasaha y’akazi uhemberwa ku kwezi. Ibitekerezo by’icyo wakora cyiyongera ku kazi kawe ni byinshi, byose byaterwa n’umwihariko wawe, ibyo ushoboye n’imibereho yawe.
3. Gabanya ibyo ukoreshaho amafaranga
Niba gutega ujya ku kazi bigutwara amafaranga ubona ko ari menshi kuko utega moto, ushobora kwiyemeza ukajya uzindukaho gato ugatega imodoka rusange, cyangwa ukajya gutura aho bitazagusaba gutega mbese aho wagenda n’amaguru cyangwa ugatega wenda mu gitondo ujya ku kazi, ku mugoroba ukagenza amaguru.
Niba murandasi uyitangaho menshi, ushobora kuyagabanya ibyo ushaka kurebaho ukaba wabishyiriraho ako ukorera [henshi haba murandasi y’ubuntu] maze bene ayo ukayagenera bimwe biza bitunguranye.
Kubera ko inka yikoma isazi aho igeza umurizo, aho kurya inyama warya indagara. Intungamubiri ziba muri ibyo ni zimwe. Mu byo utakazaho amafaranga, ushobora kwibanda ku by’ibanze: ibyo kurya, aho kuba, uburezi bw’abana, amazi n’amashanyarazi no kwizigamira. Ibindi wabireka, nta cyo byakwica cyane, ahubwo ukibanda mu kongera ubumenyi bwatuma ugira byinshi ukora byakwinjiriza cyangwa bikongerera agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo.
4. Va mu ideni
Niba bigushobokeye, ukwiye kwishyura amadeni yawe vuba bishoboka kandi ugakora uko ushoboye ukirinda cyane gufata imyenda no kuguza. Irinde kugura ibikoresho nk’iby’ikoranabuhanga nka telefone muri bwa buryo bwo kwishyura mu bice (make make). Ibi ntibituma gusa ukomererwa ku kwezi kuko biyagutwara ahubwo wisanga wanishyuye menshi kurushaho mu nyungu.
Inyungu ku nguzanyo n’imyenda bigutwara ikintu kinini ku ngengo y’imari ugasanga bigutwaye amafaranga yakabaye yaragufashije kugura ibindi ukeneye cyangwa akajya mu yo wizigamira. Niba hari ibyo uteganya kugura bitwara menshi cyangwa ibindi bikorwa, byaba byiza ugiye ubanza wabyitegura hakiri kare kugira ngo ubizigamire aho kuzabifata ku ideni.
5. Kuzigama ugomba kubigira nyambere
Kuba wagira amafaranga runaka ku ruhande ukura ku mushahara kandi byitwa ko na wo utaguhagije ngo ugufashe gukemura ibyo ukeneye byose si ikintu cyoroshye na gato nyamara birashoboka kuko byose biva mu mutwe.
Uramutse ufata kuzigama nk’ikintu cya ngombwa mu byo ukoreshaho amafaranga, wakwisanga nyuma y’amezi make ubitse amafaranga menshi nyamara wakabaye waratakaje ku bintu ubundi nawe utasobanura neza.
Itegeko ryiza mu byo kwizigamira ni ukuzigama 20% y’ayo winjiza ugeza mu rugo havuyemo imisoro, birumvikana. Aya ni amafaranga yagufasha mu gihe havutse ibibazo bitunguranye, cyangwa akagufasha kwinjiza andi mu buryo bwo gushora.
Inzobere nyinshi mu by’imari zibifata nk’aho uri mutaraga mu by’imari n’amafaranga iyo gusa ufite amafaranga angana n’umushahara wawe mu gihe cy’amezi atandatu wazigamye cyangwa ari mu bikorwa by’ishoramari ribyara andi, iki ngo ni cyo gihe wavuga ko waretse ibyo kubeshwaho no kwishyura nawe wishyura (living from paycheck to paycheck).
Uburyo bumwe bufasha mu kuzigama ni ukujya mu bimina byemewe byo kuzigama no kugurizanya, hamwe nyuma y’igihe runaka uzigama baguhera amafaranga rimwe atubutse ukaba wayakoresha nk’umushinga runaka ubyara inyungu ari na ko ukomeza akazi kawe.
Ushobora no gufungura konti izajya ihita ijyaho umubare w’amafaranga runaka uko winjije amafaranga runaka gusa uburyo bwiza cyane ni ugushora imari yawe aho uzi ko yunguka.
6. Saba kongererwa umushahara cyangwa uhindure akazi
Niba ubizi neza ko utanga umusaruro cyane cyane ugereranije n’igihe wagereye mu kazi ukora ubu, kandi ibiciro ku isoko bikaba byariyongereye ari na ko ubuzima bwahenze ugereranije na mbere, ntukwiye kwiyima ukwima ahari, mu nzira zemewe n’amategeko ushobora gusaba kuzamurirwa umushahara.
Nyuma yo kumenya neza mu buryo bw’imibare uruhare umurimo ukora n’umwete, umurava n’ubwitange uwukorana ugira mu kuzamura inyungu ikigo ukorera cyinjiza, ukwiye gukora ubushakashatsi ku mishahara itangwa ku kazi nk’ako ukora n’uruganda rw’umurimo ubarizwamo, kugira ngo umenye niba utakabaye ukorera menshi kurusha ayo uhembwa ubu.
Ushingiye ku mibare n’amakuru wizeye, n’ibimenyetso byerekana ibyiza wagejeje ku mukoresha wawe n’ikigo ukorera, andika ibaruwa cyangwa umwake gahunda maze umuganirize ku byo kuba yakongeza.
Ikindi ushobora gukora ni uguhindura akazi, cyangwa se ukaba wanahindura uruganda rw’akazi cyangwa umwuga wakoraga (career). Birashoboka ko umukoresha mushya azaguhemba kurusha ayo wahembwaga mbere ashingiye ku bunararibonye bwawe. Ushobora no guhindura umwuga ukajya ku wo uzi cyangwa ubona wishyura menshi kurusha uwo ukora ubu.
Samson Iradukunda
