Icyo abahanga mu bukungu bavuga ku mpamvu zitera ibihugu bimwe gukena ibindi bigakira

Ni kenshi njye nawe twumva ibyegeranyo bitubwira uko ibihugu bihagaze mu rwego rw’ubukungu, tukumva uburyo muri ibyo bihugu babayeho rimwe na rimwe ari inzozi kuri bamwe nyamara wasoma amateka y’ibyo bihugu ugasanga nabo bigeze kubaho nk’uko tubayeho twe turi kwifuza ibyo bagezeho.

Ibyo rimwe na rimwe bidutera kwibaza ikibazo gikomeye ndetse kiruhije kubonera igisubizo: Babigezeho bate? Ko tubarusha igihugu kinini kandi gifite umutungo kamere nyamara bo bakaba ntawo bafite ariko bo bakaba bakize? N’ ibindi byinshi cyane.

Har’icyo abahanga mu bukungu rero bagiye bavuga ku mpamvu ahanini zituma ibihugu bikena bikarindimuka rwose abaturage babyo bagasigara babayeho mu buzima bwa ese ejo nzapfa cyangwa nzakira?

Ikinyamakuru cyanyu RwandaMagazine.com cyifashishije igitabo cyitwa WHY NATION FAIL cya DARON ACEMOGLU na JAMES A. ROBINSON cyasohotse tariki 20/3/2012 kizagenda kibagezaho inkuru zibavira imuzi impamvu ibihugu bimwe bikena ibindi bigakira ndetse n’icyo twagenda dukora kugirango turusheho gutera imbere mu bukungu.

Ni byinshi mu bihugu hano kw’isi bihana imbibi nyamara wareba imibereho y’abaturage b’ibyo bihugu ugasanga iratandukanye cyane bamwe babayeho neza nyamara ahandi inzara iranuma hafi yo kutagira n’urwara rwo kwishima kandi imiterere ari imwe n’ubuso bw’ubutaka bujya kungana cyangwa se butangana. Reka aho tube ariho duhera tureba zimwe mu mpamvu zishobora kuba zibitera.

Akenshi iyo witegereje neza ibyo bihugu bikennye har’ibintu byinshi ubona cyane cyane mu nzego z’ubuyobozi zabyo, usanga har’abakomeye basa nk’abakoze ishyirahamwe riyobora abandi uko ryishakiye ndetse rigamije gukura indonke muri rubanda nyamwinshyi rusigaye, ugasanga abo bakomeye nibo bagabagabana amasoko, bagahindukira bakaba aribo bagenzura n’imisoro, bagashyiraho amategeko y’ubucuruzi ahanini ashyigikira n’ubundi abamaze gukira nyamara akabera abagishakisha bariyeri ikomeye.

Akenshi kandi usanga muri ibyo bihugu bahatira abantu gukora imirimo y’agahato ndetse bakabahemba make cyane, imisoro ikaba ihanitse ndetse ugasanga abaturage bafite uburenganzira buke ku butaka bwabo gakondo. Muri make ugasanga rubanda nyamwinshi ruberaho kungura abakomeye n’inshuti zabo n’imiryango yabo.

Uhasanga uburezi budafafite ireme ndetse n’urubyiruko rwabuze aho ruhera rukoresha impano zabwo ndetse n’ubwenge mubyo bize kubera amategeko yashyizweho n’abanyapolitiki aremereye.

Muri ibyo bihugu bikennye ntushobora kuhasanga umuco wo gupiganwa ahubwo uhasanga umuco wo kwiharira amasoko cyane cyane mu bucuruzi no mu ma Banki, ibyo bigatuma inyungu z’inguzanyo ziba nyinshi cyane ndetse na za Banki zikifashishwa ahanini mu guha inguzanyo abakomeye kandi bari mu myanya ya politiki, bigatuma ba bandi bagishakisha babura amahirwe kuko baba babona inzira yo kugirango byibuze utangire ukore uzunguke ugusaba byinshi bitandukanye nko kuba har’ukomeye muziranye, ruswa ugomba gutanga, ndetse nuwo ugomba gushimisha mu mikorere yawe. Ibyo byose iherezo ryabyo riba mu kuba hakira bamwe kandi ahanini bari mu myanya ikomeye ya politiki ndetse n’abakorana nabo, uko imyaka igenda ishira bikaba byatera amahari hagati y’abakize n’abakennye.

Iyo rero uteye ijisho kuri bya bihugu bikize usanga abaturage baho bakerebutse bahora bacunga koko niba abayobozi bitoreye babakorera ibyo babatoreye ndetse uhasanga abaturage bafite ijambo ku buryo bayobowemo ndetse abayobozi babo baba babizi neza ko nibadakora ibyo babatoreye bazeguzwa muri make abaturage nibo bafite imbaraga kurenza abayobozi babo.

Usanga inzego zabo za leta n’iz’ubukungu zigengwa n’amategeko yashyizweho n’abaturage bafatanyije n’abayobozi babo, ibyo bigatuma abaturage bagira umuco wo kumva ko ibintu ari byabo maze bagakora nta kwiganda bagamije kwiteza imbere, bakiga cyane, bakizigamira cyane, bagashora imari cyane kandi muri byinshi ndetse henshi ndetse bakanahanga udushya yewe bakanagendana na tekinoloji igezweho.

Uhasanga umuco wo gupiganwa kubera ko abaturage baba bacunga cyane abayobozi ngo badakoresha imyanya yabo bikubira ubutunzi n’ibindi byose. Usanga abaturage bose bafite uburenganzira bungana mu ma Banki ndetse no ku guhabwa inguzanyo. Ibyo bigatuma ba rwiyemezamirimo bato babasha nabo gukora no kwiteza imbere byoroshye.

Usanga abaturage baho biga, bakaramba, bakarya neza, bakaba heza mu buryo bashatse, usanga bafite rwose ijambo mukugena icyerekezo cya politiki igihugu cyabo kigomba kugenderaho. Abaturage baho usanga bishyira bakizana kuko baba bazi neza ko nta wabahohotera. Usanga leta ibafasha cyane mu buvuzi, uburezi, umuteka no kubahiriza itegeko.

Abantu bo muri ibyo bihugu bariga cyane ugasanga muri bo bifitiye ikizere kuko baba baziko ubumenyi bwabo n’impano zabo byoroshye ko babibyazamo ubukungu butagira akagero, ndetse baba bafite ikizere ko ibitekerezo byabo bizaterwa inkunga n’inzego zashyizweho na leta batagendeye ku kimenyane ahubwo bagendeye ku kamaro k’ibyo bitekerezo ku muryango mugari w’abatuye igihugu.

Ikigaragaza rero aha nta kindi ni uko gukira cyangwa gukena kw’igihugu ahanini bishingira ku nzego z’ubuyobozi. Kuko ubuyobozi nibwo bufite uruhare rukomeye mu gushyiraho politiki igomba kugenga igihugu haba mu miyoborere no mu bucuruzi. Ubuyobozi na politiki bwahisemo nibyo bihitamo kandi bigashyiraho uko abayobozi bagomba kwitwara ndetse bukagaragaza koko niba abayobozi ari abaharanira inyungu z’umuturage cyangwa se bagamije guharanira izabo bwite. Politiki mwahisemo niyo igena uburyo bw’imikorere; uburyo bw’imikorere mwahisemo nibwo bukongeza cyangwa se bukazimya ikibatsi cy’umurava mu gukora habe mw’ishoramari cyangwa se mu bindi mu baturage.

Iyo rero politiki inzego z’ubuyobozi zashyize imbere ari ugukungahaza abakomeye kandi bari mu myanya y’ubuyobozi, usanga n’amategeko agenga ishoramari ahanini aba ashyigikira ndetse akorohereza abamaze gukira bakomeye kugumya gutera imbere bifashishije gukama imitsi ya rubanda nyamwinshi rusigaye.
Politiki mwahisemo ngo ibangenge niyo igena byose: Ufite ubuyobozi ni inde? Ese abukoresha ate? Ibyo bigena uko sosiyete yanyu nk’igihugu yitwara. Rero bibibe gukena cyangwa gukira nk’igihugu biterwa n’uko mwemera guhindura imirongo ibagenga cyangwa mukanangira.

Ibindi bice ni mu nkuru zacu zitaha.

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