Uko ibihugu 5 byishyize hamwe ngo bitate isi yose

Ubutasi bugira akamaro kanini ku gihugu. Amerika n’Ubwongereza bifatanya mu gutata isi yose bifatanyije n’ibindi bihugu bifitanye amasezerano. Kuneka no kumviriza amatelefoni ni bumwe mu buryo bukunda gukoreshwa ariko si iby’ubu.

Bijya gutangira…

Hari tariki 05 Werurwe 1946 ubwo Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’Ubwongereza zasinyaga amasezerano y’ubufatanye mu gutata bise United Kingdom - United States Communications Intelligence Agreement izwi ku izina rya UKUSA. Iki gihe nibwo hari hatangiye intambara y’ubutita(Cold war/Guerre froide). Amerika yari ihanganye cyane n’icyari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti (URSS). Nyuma ibi bihugu byaje kwiyungwaho na Canada, Australie, ndetse na Nouvelle-Zélande bihwabwa izina rya ‘Five eyes’ ,ihuriro ryabo bakaryita P415 ariko rizwi cyane ku izina rya Réseau Echelon.

Ikigo cy’Ubutasi cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika cyitwa National Security Agency (NSA, ikigo cy’ubutasi cy’Ubwongereza ni GCHQ (Governement Communication Headquaters ) ,igihugu cya Canada gifite ikigo bita CSTC (Centre de la sécurité des télécommunications Canada) , Australie ikagira ASD (Australian Signals Directorate) naho Nouvelle- Zélande ikagira icyitwa GCSB (Government Communications Security Bureau) .

Ibi bigo byose bikora akazi kamwe k’ubutasi , ahanini bakabikora bifashishije kumviriza telefoni ndetse no gukusanya amakuru anyura kuri internet ariko NSA ikaba ariyo isa nibikuriye ndetse ikaba ariyo itanga umusanzu ukomeye mu gukora kwabyo.

Ku cyicaro cya GCHQ

Ibi bigo by’ubutasi byubatse muri i Leitrim muri Canada, i Morwenstow mu Bwongereza, Pine Gap muri Australie ,naho icyo muri Nouvelle Zelande giherereye i Waihopai. Icyicaro gikuru cya NSA kiba mu gace ka Fort George G. Meade muri Maryland. Ubufatanye bw’ibi bihugu mu guhanahana amakuru yumvirizwa kuri telefoni ndetse n’amabanga yo kuri internet niko kuneka gukomeye kwabayeho mu mateka ya muntu. Mu kuneka ibi bihugu byifashisha ibyogajuru (Satellite).

Muri 1988 umunyamakuru Duncan Campbell ukomoka muri Ecosse niwe wa mbere watangaje ubufatanye bw’ibi bigo mu butasi nyuma y’imyaka igera kuri 40 bikora ariko abaturage batabizi. Ibi yabitangaje mu nkuru yahaye umutwe ugira uti “ Somebody’s listening”(Tugenekereje mu Kinyarwanda yagiraga iti ‘Hari uri kukumviriza’). Muri 1996 nibwo umunyamakuru Nicky Hager yanditse igitabo acyita Secret power agamije kugaragaza uruhare rw’igihugu cye muri uyu mushinga. Kuva icyo gihe kunekana no kwibana amabanga hagati y’amakompanyi akomeye ku isi nka Thomson-CSF, Airbus, AT&T, n’andi kwariyongereye cyane.

Muri 2005 nibwo umwanditsi Jean-Claude Sidoun yanditse igitabo yise « Ovnis, guerre froide, le grand jeu ». Muri iki gitabo uyu mwanditsi avugamo amafaranga y’umurengera akoreshwa n’ibigo bihuriye muri Echelon. Jean Claude atangaza ko ikigo cya NSA ubwacyo gikoresha abakozi 38.000 ndetse ku mwaka kigakoresha ingengo y’imari ingana na miliyari 3,6 z’Amadorali(2.808.000.000.000 FRW) .Ikigo cya GCHQ cyo ngo gikoresha abakozi 15.000 n’ingengo y’imari ingana na miliyoni 730 z’ama Pounds(818.382.166.457 FRW). Ibindi bigo nabyo biri muri ubu bufatanye bikoresha amafaranga menshi uretse ko ntaho ahuriye n’ay’ibi bigo bibiri.

Na Snowden yarabivuze !

Edward Snowden yahoze ari umukozi mu biro by’ubutasi bya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu kigo cya National Security Agency. Kuva ku itariki 06 Kamena 2013 nibwo uyu mugabo w’umuhanga mu ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa (informaticien) yatangiye kumena amabanga ahanitse ya Amerika (Top secrets).

Amabanga Snowden yamenye abinyujije mu itangazamakuru ni agendanye cyane cyane n’ubutasi Amerika n’Ubwongereza bikora byumviriza Telefoni z’abantu ku isi yose. Ibi byose yabikoze ngo agamije kwereka abatuye isi ibikorwa mu izina ryabo bibafiteho ingaruka havugwa ko hagamijwe kubacungira umutekano nyamara bo batanazi ko bikorwa. Amerika yatangiye guhiga bukware Snowden igira ngo imuryoze ibyo yakoze nyuma aza guhabwa ubuhungiro mu Burusiya muri 2013.

Tariki 05 Ukwakira 2015 nibwo Edward Snowden yatangarije BBC binyuze mu kiganiro cyayo Panorama ko kugeza ubu ikigo cy’ubutasi cy’Ubwongereza GCHQ (Governement Communication Headquaters )gifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjira muri telefoni ngendanwa zigezweho(Smartphones) z’abantu kandi ntibamenye ko byabayeho hoherejwemo ubutumwa umuntu atabasha gusoma(encrypted text message). Ubu butumwa ngo bugera muri telefoni y’umuntu atabizi ndetse ntanubwo abibona.

Snowden yatangaje ko GCHQ ifatanyije na NSA yahoze akorera byashoye amafaranga menshi mu rwego rwo kumviriza no kuneka telefoni ngendanwa. Yagize ati “ Bakeneye telefoni yawe kurusha wowe” Ubu buryo nibwo nyuma bwaje guhabwa izina rya Smurf suite. Dreamy Smurf ni uburyo iki kigo gishobora gukoresha kikazimya telefoni cyangwa kikaba cyayicana nyirayo atamenye ko byabayeho. Ubundi buryo bukoreshwa nkuko Snowden yabitangarije BBC ni Nosey Smurf ifite ubushobozi butuma bumviriza ibivugirwa hafi yawe. Urugero telefoni yawe iramutse iri mu mufuka, GCHQ ikoresha microfone yayo bakabasha kumva ibivugirwa aho uri.

Tracker Smurf yo ikoreshwa na GCHQ mu gukurikirana aho umuntu bashaka aherereye kandi nta kwibeshya(greater precision). Ntibigarukira aho, iyo uramutse ubonye ko hari ikidasanzwe kuri telefoni yawe cyangwa ukagira icyo ukeka, Paronoid Smurf nibwo buryo GCHQ ikoresha mu kunaniza umutekinisiye (technician) wese wayishyira kutabasha kubona ko hari impinduka yabaye mui telefoni yawe.
Izi n’izindi Snwoden yatangaje ko arizo bakoresha bareba abo uhamagara, ubutumwa wandika, ibintu wasomye ku mbuga za internet (the things you’ve browsed), urutonde rw’abantu ufite muri telefoni yawe, ihuzanzira telefoni yawe ikoresha(wireless networks) n’ibindi. Snowden yongeyeho ati “ Bakora byinshi birenzeho, banagufotora.” Mu buryo busa no gutebya, Snowden yatangaje ko nubwo twigurira amatelefoni yacu ariko abakoresha izi progaramu zo kuneka aribo baba ari ba nyiri telefoni kuko bazikoresha uko babishaka.

Inyubako y’icyicaro gikuru cya NSA ikigo cya mbere ku isi gikoresha ingengo y’imari nyinshi mu butasi

Amafaranga menshi ashorwa muri ibi bikorwa byo kumviriza no kuneka telefoni ngendanwa

Abajijwe ihuriro rya GCHQ na NSA yo muri Amerika, Snowden yatangaje ko iki kigo cyo mu Bwongereza gikora nk’igice cya NSA. Ati “ NSA niyo itanga ikoranabuhanga , niyo itanga inshingano kuri GCHQ nicyo bagomba gukora .” Ikigo cya NSA ngo gifite indi porogaramu (program) isa na Smurf Suite yatwaye akayabo ka miliyari y’Amadorali ($1 Billion) ni ukuvuga angana na miliyari Magana arindwi na mirongo itanu z’amanyarwanda(750.000.000.000 RFW) mu rwego rwo gukurikirana umubare munini ukomeje kwiyongera w’ibyihebe bikoresha telefoni zigezweho(Smartphones).
Snowden yatangaje ko ibi byose bikorwa mu rwego rwo gukurikirana ibyihebe ndetse n’ibyaha bikomeye cyane ariko kugira ngo bigerweho hakaba hagomba gukusanywa amakuru menshi (collect mass data). Ati “ Batangaza ko batagusomera ubutumwa bwawe(email) ariko niyo babikoze ntabwo ubimenya.”

Umuvugizi wa Leta y’Ubwongereza yahakanye ibyavuzwe na Snowden atangaza ko ibikorwa byose GCHQ ikora bikurikiza amategeko n’amabwiriza.
Uburyo ibigo by’itumanaho byatanze amabanga y’abakiriya mu butasi
Ikinyamakuru Le monde mu nyandiko yacyo yo muri Kanama 2013 cyahaye umutwe ugira uti “Comment la Grande-Bretagne espionnait avec l’aide d’opérateurs” cyatangaje ko kuva ku itariki 21 Kamena 2013 ubwo Snowden yatangiraga kumena amabanga menshi ahanini y’ikigo cya NSA yakoreraga aribwo hamenyekanye ko Ubwongereza bufite uburyo bw’ibanga bwo kugenzura ibikorerwa kubyuma by’ikoranabuhanga(surveillance électronique) bise Tempora.

Kugira ngo kibigereho, ikigo cya GCHQ ngo cyakoranye mu buryo bw’ibanga n’amakompanyi y’itumanaho 7 ari nayo yagihaga amakuru . Ibyo bigo byahawe amazina ya intercept partners ni British Telecom, Vodafone Cable, Verizon Business, Global Crossing, Level 3, Viatel na Interoute. Icyo byakoze, ibi bigo byahaye uburenganzira GCHQ bwo gukoresha insinga zabyo (Cables/Câbles) harimo n’izinyura munsi y’inyanja(undersea cables) ndetse n’amabanga yerekeye imikoreshereze yazo. Izi nsinga nizo ahanini ziba zikoreshwa mu itumanaho rya telefoni ndetse n’ikoreshwa rya internet ku isi hose.

Mu nyandiko yacyo” BT and Vodafone among telecoms companies passing details to GCHQ”, ikinyamakuru The Guardian cyatangaje ko ibi bigo byahaga GCHQ ibyerekeye telefoni z’abakiriya babo, ubutumwa bwa Email, amagambo y’ibanga abafasha kwinjira ku rubuga rwa Facebook,…Mu nkuru The Guardian yanditse ibikesha ikinyamakuru Süddeutsche cyo mu Budage, yavugaga ko iki kinyamakuru muri 2009 cyabonye inyandiko yo muri Power Point(progaramu ikoreshwa kuri mudasobwa hashakwa kwerekanwa inyandiko ndende ku bantu benshi icyarimwe)y’ikigo cya GCHQ ivuga kuri Tempora.

Muri iyi nyandiko ngo buri kigo cyahabwaga izina ry’ibanga(codename): BT bayitaga "Remedy", Verizon Business ikitwa "Dacron", Vodafone Cable ihabwa izina rya "Gerontic"…. Izi kompanyi zanze kugira icyo zitangaza kukuba zarakoranaga na GCHQ gusa zatangaje ko zasabwe gukorera ku mategeko agenga Ubwongereza ndetse n’ibihugu by’iburayi. Umutangabuhamya utaravuzwe izina na The Guardian ariko ufite aho ahurira n’ubutasi bw’Ubwongereza yatangaje ko ntamahitamo ibi bigo byari bifite yo kwanga gukorana na GCHQ mu kuneka abakiriya babo uretse kwemera ibyo basabwaga.

Ishami rya GCHQ riri muri Bude, amajyaruguru ya Cornwall, niryo ngo rijyanama amakuru avugirwa kuri telefoni ndetse n’aca kuri internet aturutse mu Burayi bw’Iburengerazuba (Western Europe) anyuze mu nsinga zo munsi y’inyanja akajyanwa muri Amerika ya ruguru. Ibi nibyo bifasha inzobere za GCHQ na NSA mu gusesengura amakuru baba babonye bifashishije mudasobwa zihambaye muri aka kazi.

Leta ya Amerika itera inkunga GCHQ ngo ibashe kuyikorera ubutasi

Mu mwaka wa 2012 wonyine, GCHQ yumvirije telefoni zigera kuri miliyoni 600 ndetse ivana amakuru ku nsinga 200(fibre-optic cables). Buri rutsinga nibura rwoherezaga nibura gigabits 10 buri segonda. Amakuru akurwa kuri izi nsinga angana na 21 petabytes ku munsi. Kugira ngo wumve uburemere cyangwa ingano aya makuru iki kigo cyakira, ibi ikinyamakuru The Guardian cyabigereranyije ni uko wafata amakuru ari mu bitabo byose byo mu isomero ryo mu Bwongereza, ukayohereza inshuro 192 mu masaha 24. Kugeza muri Gicurasi 2012, inzobere mu gusesengura amakuru 300 ba GCHQ na 250 ba NSA nibo bakoraga akazi ko gusesengura akazi ko mu mushinga wa Tempora. Xkeyscore niyo ifasha NSA kuba yabasha kubona icyo buri muntu akoze kuri internet .

Mu nyandiko yacyo yo muri 2013, cyahaye umutwe ugira uti ’ Exclusive: NSA pays £100m in secret funding for GCHQ’ , ikinyamakuru The Guardian cyatangaje ko nibura kuva muri 2010 kugeza muri 2013, Leta ya Amerika yageneye GCHQ miliyoni 100 z’ama Euro(82,759,130,400 RFW) mu buryo bw’ibanga mu rwego rwo kubasha koroshya inzira zo kugera ku makuru yayo no kuyikoresha mu kazi kayo (Amerika). Uku gushora imari kwa Amerika yabikoraga mu rwego rwo gufasha iki kigo kubasha gukora akazi kose babasaba kubakorera. Mu nyandiko yabonywe ya GCHQ yagaragazaga ko iki kigo cyari kikiri ku rwego rudashimishije ugereranyije n’ibyo NSA ya Amerika yayisabaga kuyikorera(Kuneka no kumviriza.)

N’abakuru b’ibihugu barumvirizwa!

Nkuko twabibonye haruguru ibi bihugu ahanini n’ibindi bibikora mu rwego rwo kwirinda iterabwoba ndetse no kuneka ibindi byaha bikomeye . Nyamara iyo ushishoje usanga kuneka no kumviriza bikoreshwa no mu zindi nyungu z’ibihugu bibikora haba mu rwego rwa gisirikare , mu rwego rw’ubukungu ndetse no mu rwego rwa politiki.

Edward Snowden

Muri 2013 Edward Snowden yatangaje inkuru yatumye Ubudage bugwa mu kantu ndetse busa nkaho bugambaniwe na Amerika bakoranaga bya hafi. Kuva muri 2002 Amerika ngo yumviriga chancelière w’Ubudage Angela Merkel twakwita ko ariwe ubuyoboye. Muri 2009 nabwo ikigo cy’ubutasi cya Amerika NSA cyumvirije Angel Merkel. Iki gihe ngo inzego z’Ubutasi zashakaga kumenya icyo atekereza ku kibazo cya Iran byavugwaga ko itunze ibisasu bya kirimbuzi nubwo ngo na nyuma yaho NSA yakomeje kujya yumviriza telefoni ye.

Nyamara ibi Amerika yabikoze, mu gihe Ubudage bwari mu bihugu byayifashaga kumviriza Abayobozi b’Ubufaransa ndetse no mu bindi bihugu by’Iburayi nkuko ikinyamakuru l’Express cyabitangaje mu nyandiko yacyo yo muri Mata 2015, inyandiko cyahaye umutwe ugira uti “Berlin aurait espionné des officiels français et européens pour la NSA’. Muri iyi nyandiko iki kinyamakuru gihamya ko BND, urwego rw’Ubutasi rw’Ubudage rwakoranaga bya hafi na NSA.

Ibinyamakuru Mediapart na Libération byatangaje ko NSA yumvirizaga abayobozi b’igihugu cy’Ubufaransa harimo Chirac, Sarkozy na Francois Hollande kuva muri 2006 kugeza muri 2012 uretse ko hari n’ibindi bitangazamakuru bitangaza ko uku kumviriza abayobozi b’Ubufaransa byatangiye muri 2004. Muri Kanama 2014 ikinyamakuru Der Spiegel cyo mu Budage cyatangaje ko Leta ya Israel yumvirizaga umunyamabanga wa Leta ya Amerika ,John Kerry ubwo iki gihugu cyari mu biganiro by’amahoro na Palestine muri 2013. Icyo gihe John Kerry yasabaga ko Leta ya Israel yareka kugaba ibitero bya gisirikare muri Gaza. Abahaye amakuru Der Spiegel batangaje ko iki gihugu cyakoreshaga ibyogajuru bya Satellite mu kumviriza ibyo John Kerry yavugiraga kuri Telefoni.

Kuba inshuti muri Politiki biragora!Nubwo Amerika ifatanya byinshi n’Ubudage, ntibyayibujije kumviriza Angela Merkel(uri ku mwe na Obama)
Urutonde rw’abakuru b’ibihugu bumvirijwe ku mpamvu za Politiki ni rurerure. Izi ngero z’ibihugu bikomeye byumvirizanya hagati yabyo bigaragaza ko ntakabuza Afrika n’indi migabane nayo bayumviriza ku mpamvu zinyuranye. Iki kandi kikaba ikimenyetso ko kumviriza telefoni bidakorwa gusa ku mpamvu z’umutekano w’igihugu ahubwo haba hari n’izindi mpamvu za Politiki zibiri inyuma. Kuneka abakuru b’ibindi bihugu n’inganda zinyuranye kwa NSA ubwo byamenyekanaga bitewe na Snowden byateje impagarara ndetse no kutarebana neza kw’ibihugu byumvirizwaga na Amerika ifatanyije n’ibigo twavuze haruguru.

Ibi bikorwa Amerika n’Ubwongereza bishinjwa , abayobozi b’ibi bihugu bakunze kubihakana. Nubwo twibanze kuri Amerika n’Ubwongereza ariko buri gihugu ku isi gifite uburyo bwacyo gikoresha muri aka kazi k’ubutasi ku matelefoni ndetse n’ibikorerwa kuri internet.

Iyi ni ishusho y’uburyo kumviriza telefoni ngendanwa no kuneka ibyo dukorera kuri internet bikorwa. Ingingo ushaka ko twazagarukaho mu nkuru zacu zitaha, watwandikira kuri [email protected]